The survey of 2,000 UK consumers, which was carried out by OnePoll in March 2026, found that 40% of pet owners were very concerned about the rising cost of veterinary treatment and 42% were fairly concerned.
It also found that 43% of pet owners currently do not have pet insurance, a figure which is broadly consistent with findings from a recent peer-reviewed study published in the Veterinary Record, which found that 48.5% of UK pet owners surveyed did not have insurance and that affordability was a major factor affecting uptake.
The research also found that 23% of pet owners have cancelled a pet insurance policy within the last two years.
Among those, 11% said premiums had become too expensive and 7% said the policy no longer offered good value.
Insurance status differed by species, with 33% of dog owners uninsured compared with 44% of cat owners.
The findings also showed that 62% of policyholders said they had never made a claim, while 36% had claimed on their policy, including 22% who had made one claim and 13% who had made multiple claims.
The earlier study in the Veterinary Record also identified a strong link between household income and insurance uptake in the UK, with owners in lower-income households significantly less likely to insure their pets.
https://www.bestinsurance.co.uk
Published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science, the model is a "hybrid causal Bayesian network" designed to enhance existing tools by analysing complex relationships between risk factors1.
It combines data from electronic health records, owner questionnaires, previous studies and veterinarian expertise.
Waltham says the model confirms the importance of risk factors including breed and size, age, head shape and quality of home dental care, and quantifies the probability of a dog having periodontal disease based on the presence of these factors.
Dr Stephen Makin, Vice President Waltham Petcare Science Institute, said: "This breakthrough is more than just a scientific achievement; it's a potential game-changer for canine oral health.
"Supported by AI, we are moving from detection to prediction, empowering veterinarians and owners with the ability to provide proactive and personalised oral care.
"This could fundamentally change the health and wellbeing of our canine companions."
The new model is now being used within the Linnaeus group to flag risk for newly-registered clients.
It has also been deployed on a risk checker at: https://www.uk.pedigree.com/gum-disease-risk-checker.
In both cases, Linnaeus says the objective is to get information to pet owners earlier, particularly for breeds where risk is substantially higher, to help drive early preventive care.
However, the company says this is only a fraction of what this kind of foundational model can do, and that it is exploring a range of further applications — including how it might work in combination with other clinical tools and diagnostics to support decision-making more directly at the point of care.
Reference
The study, published in Veterinary Record, compared observations made during unloading with those carried out later in lairage holding pens1.
Over the course of the study, thousands of animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs, were observed at a UK abattoir.
The research was led by the RVC team including final-year veterinary student Sayaka Mochizuki and Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Public Health Kurt Arden, with assistance from Declan Arden from the University of Plymouth.
They found that observing animals during unloading significantly increased the detection of welfare issues such as lameness, slipping and falling.
Across all species, welfare problems were far more likely to be identified at this stage, with detection rates increasing more than tenfold in some cases.
This, say the researchers, is largely because issues become much easier to spot while the animals are in motion, rather than while they are stationary.
As a result, the research team propose a new, practical inspection approach called Animal-Based Measurement (ABMs), which implements simple visual checks during unloading to identify potential health issues.
Incorporating this strategy could enable vets to identify problems earlier, provide more effective feedback to farmers and transporters and take action to reduce suffering.
It also offers a straightforward, evidence-based way to improve food safety standards.
Importantly, this method can be implemented in real-world settings without disrupting abattoir operations.
Sayaka Mochizuki said: "Animal transport ultimately serves the human economic and commodity interests.
"While the experience is relatively brief, it defines the final moments of the lives of production animals and the nature of their death.
"We have a moral obligation to undertake this process as ethically as possible, and our proposal provides a simple but effective way toward a more improved norm."
Kurt Arden said: "Improving animal welfare does not always require complex solutions, sometimes all it requires is a new perspective.
"This study demonstrates how simple, practical changes can reduce suffering, and underscores the important role veterinary students play in producing research that delivers real-world impact."
The clinical team at the RVC analysed anonymised clinical data from dogs from the UK, Europe and the USA undergoing mitral valve repair at the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals at the RVC.
One study evaluated the anaesthetic management and outcomes of 176 dogs undergoing surgery, focusing on complications during and around the time of anaesthesia1.
The second study assessed 66 dogs to identify features on heart scans that could help predict whether the heart would remain enlarged after surgery2.
The findings showed that mitral valve repair is associated with significant intraoperative and postoperative risks.
Longer cardiopulmonary bypass duration was associated with increased risk.
Dogs with greater pre-surgical heart enlargement and higher body weight were more likely to have persistent left heart enlargement after surgery.
Close perioperative monitoring and rapid-response protocols were found to be essential in managing anticipated complications.
The study also found that recovery outcomes vary, meaning individual patient factors must be considered when advising owners.
Finally, the research demonstrated that most beneficial changes in heart size, known as reverse remodelling, occurred within the first three months after surgery.
Professor Dan Brockman, Professor in Small Animal Surgery and Director of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Service at the RVC, said: "Establishing and maintaining open heart surgical capability at the RVC has been both the most challenging and the most rewarding activity of my 36 years as a specialist small animal surgeon.
"Our team are rightly proud of what we have achieved, but we all know that the route to even greater consistency of results lies in the constant process of reflection, refinement and improvement in every aspect of what we do."
The RVC is currently the only centre in the UK offering this specialist surgical procedure.
https://www.rvc.ac.uk/small-animal-vet/specialist-referrals/advanced-techniques/cardiothoracic-surgery/mitral-valve-disease
References
In the first report1, which concerned an outbreak on a busy competition yard after the introduction of a new horse without an isolation period or pre-movement blood ELISA screening for recent S. equi exposure, no horses developed signs of strangles after the second vaccination with Strangvac was administered.
In the second report2 strangles was confirmed in three unvaccinated and unwell horses and 17 healthy horses on the same yard were subsequently vaccinated with Strangvac.
Blood samples in this group of vaccinated horses demonstrated that over half had recent exposure to S. equi, despite which, none of them developed strangles.
Bex Glasgow, veterinary surgeon and equine veterinary advisor at Dechra said: “Strangles vaccination, alongside good biosecurity measures, are essential tools in disease prevention and recent studies have also demonstrated its protective effect during outbreak situations.”
Strangles Awareness Week, which is supported by Dechra, takes place from 4 to 10 May 2026.
The study, led by Svenja Springer from the Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, used an online questionnaire in March 2022 to investigate dog and cat owners in Austria, Denmark and the UK, with a final sample of 2,117 owners.
The survey found that differences in insurance uptake across income groups were seen only in the UK, where 65.6% of owners in the high-income group (more than £44,800 a year) had insurance compared with only 35.1% in the low-income group (less than £22,400 a year).
Overall, 51.5% of UK households in the sample had insurance and 48.5% did not.
Among owners without insurance, UK respondents were much more likely to say policies were too expensive (48.9%) compared with 28.1% in Denmark and 29.9% in Austria.
However, when it comes to how much owners are prepared to spend on veterinary treatment, the paper concludes that emotional attachment to a pet was the most important factor, over and above income or insurance status.
Nevertheless, only around 20% of UK dog owners said they would spend over £3000 of their own money — that is, over and above any insured sum — on treatment.
Some 24.8% of the owners of uninsured dogs and 34.7% of the owners of insured dogs said they would spend £101 to £1000 of their own money.
Around 11% said they would spend £1001 - £3000 and 19.8% of insured vs 27.1% of uninsured said they didn't know.
For the research, published in Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, the team studied osteoarthritic tissues from dogs with osteoarthritis treated with total hip replacement surgery at the RVC's Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, using ultra-high-resolution micro-computed tomography to map the entire femoral head in three dimensions.
Using this technique, as opposed to more localised analysis previously conducted on human samples, researchers identified that different areas of the femoral head simultaneously responded differently.
In particular, the findings revealed that in the earliest stages of osteoarthritis, the inner regions predictably change their bone structure pattern, allowing early identification of osteoarthritis.
As the disease progresses, the dense layer of bone immediately below the joint surface becomes more porous in proportion to the increasing severity of osteoarthritis, distinguishing mild from severe changes.
The researchers say that the next step is to match these changes with clinical scans to develop improved non-invasive approaches to assessing joint health at much earlier stages of disease.
Professor Richard Meeson, Professor of Orthopaedics at the RVC, and senior author of the paper, said: "Osteoarthritis is a devastating disease affecting both people and our pets.
"Every day in our orthopaedic referral clinic, I see dogs suffering from its severe effects.
"What is truly exciting is that through our clinical work, we can transform the lives of dogs through hip replacement surgery, and we have also been able to drive forward pioneering research at the RVC.
"This research has provided new insights into the disease and, crucially, brings us closer to diagnosing osteoarthritis at a much earlier stage."
Serotonin has been implicated in several canine diseases, including myxomatous mitral valve disease, pulmonary hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy, but direct measurement in blood is challenging because of its short half-life in serum.
In humans, urinary 5‑HIAA is considered a more accurate marker of serum serotonin concentration.
However, whilst urine 5-HIAA has previously been measured in dogs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, these techniques are expensive and not widely available.
For the study, which was funded by BSAVA PetSavers and published in the Journal of Small Animal Practice, researchers collected urine samples from 26 dogs undergoing routine diagnostic evaluation at a referral hospital.
Each sample was analysed using both a commercially available ELISA testing kit, BA-E-1900 from Immusmol, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the current gold standard method.
The ELISA was found to be reliable with acceptable precision and repeatability, particularly at low concentrations, although it had a slightly higher observed error at higher concentrations.
The researchers recommended further validation work to improve understanding of the various preanalytical factors that may influence measurement of 5-HIAA concentrations.
They also said further work should investigate whether measuring urinary 5-HIAA will be a good surrogate marker for physiologically active circulating serotonin in dogs, and whether it will be useful in studying disease pathogenesis.
Dr Penny Watson, senior author of the study, said: "I am very hopeful that, after further validation, this ELISA will prove to be a reliable, simple and cheap test for 5-HIAA in the urine, facilitating further research into the role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of canine diseases.
"We have long suspected that some individual dogs and breeds may have higher circulating serotonin than others and that this might predispose them not only to heart disease but also some common diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and kidney disease.
"They would also be more susceptible to serotinergic syndrome when medicated with drugs such as tramadol or trazadone.
"Further research in this area would thus be directly relevant to small animal practitioners."
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsap.70123
The study, which was led by Beth Reilly, Senior Teaching Fellow in Small Ruminant Health and Flock Management at the RVC, and JP Crilly, Lecturer in Small Ruminant Health and Flock Management, used an anonymous online survey distributed to sheep farmers across the UK via social media, with 421 farmers taking part.
The findings showed that 88.8% of respondents had identified orf lesions in their sheep, despite which only 23.8% consulted a veterinarian when orf was suspected.
Farmers reported a median treatment cost of £5 per affected lamb and £100 per affected flock, highlighting the ongoing economic impact of the disease.
Although uncomplicated orf cases do not require antibiotic treatment, topical antibiotic sprays were the most reported treatment used by 65.2% of respondents, while 26.7% used injectable antibiotics and 22.7% reported using both injectable and topical antibiotics.
A total of 13.6% of respondents reported using salt licks as part of orf treatment practices.
Only 34.5% of respondents reported using pain relief in affected animals.
The study also highlighted important human health considerations.
Nearly a third of respondents reported having contracted orf themselves.
Those who reported wearing gloves some or all the time were significantly less likely to contract orf, with their likelihood of infection only 64% of those who never wore gloves.
The researchers say that discussions between sheep farmers and veterinarians should be encouraged to cover current treatment options for orf lesions, the zoonotic risk, the importance of ensuring that other diseases with similar clinical presentations are not overlooked and that antimicrobials are used only when necessary.
The online invitation survey was conducted among 6,500 pet owners from around the world, 1,000 of whom were based in the UK.
Whilst the survey didn't glean any further information about the nature of the infections, such as what percent of them were endoparasites versus ectoparasites, it did reveal that 61% of respondents said their pet experienced discomfort or illness, 39% said they showed behavioural changes and 38% reported that it made them feel anxious.
However, 38% see a parasite infection as not serious or just slightly serious.
Seventy per cent of owners said they get their parasite information from vets, compared to 43% from the internet.
Forty-five per cent use prescription treatments and 40% use vet-administered treatments in a clinic.
According to the company, 71% of UK pet owners said they would like clearer guidance on parasite protection, yet 35% have not been informed about parasite risks in their area by their vet.
Ian Wright MRCVS, Chairman/Director of ESCCAP (European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites), said: "It has never been more important to be aware of parasites and the risk to companion animals – the increased movement of pets and people, as well as climate change, has fuelled a rapid shift in the distribution of parasites and their proximity to pets.
"Pets can carry parasites which affect animal and human health - although there are familiar types, such as fleas – we need to be vigilant for unexpected parasites moving into new countries and regions.
"With simple precautions and preventative measures, we can minimise the risk of diseases they may bring, and continue to enjoy the wonderful benefits of pet ownership."
For the study, the team at the RVC conducted an online survey of the owners of 9,402 UK dogs to investigate the behaviour of three popular designer Doodle breeds – Cockapoo, Labradoodle and Cavapoo.
Behaviours were compared between the Doodles and their purebred parent breeds, including Cocker Spaniels; Cavalier King Charles Spaniels; Labrador Retrievers; and Toy, Miniature, and Standard Poodles.
Behaviour was assessed using the validated Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) which quantifies diverse behavioural challenges including aggression, fear and anxiety, separation-related behaviour and attention-seeking.
The results show that designer Doodles differed from their purebred parents in approximately 54% of behavioural comparisons.
Where differences were identified, Doodles showed more undesirable behaviours in 82% of comparisons.
Some of these common undesirable behaviours included non-social fear (e.g. fear of traffic, loud noises); separation-related problems (e.g. vocalisation and destructiveness when left alone); and excitability (e.g. strong reactions to exciting events such as walks and doorbells).
Doodles showed less undesirable behaviours in only 18% of the comparisons where a difference was identified, for example Labradoodles scored lower for dog rivalry (e.g., conflict with dogs they live with) compared to Poodles.
Considerable variation between the three individual Doodle breeds was also identified, demonstrating that designer crossbreeds should not be treated as a single, uniform group in terms of behaviour.
For example, Cockapoos displayed a higher level of undesirable behaviours compared to their purebred parent breeds, exceeding that seen in Cavapoos and Labradoodles.
In particular, Cockapoos showed higher levels of aggressive behaviours, such as owner-directed aggression and dog rivalry, than their purebred parents.
Dr Rowena Packer, Senior Lecturer in Companion Animal Behaviour and Welfare Science at the RVC and senior author of the paper, said: “Realistic expectations are key to happy dog ownership.
"When expectations and reality don’t align, both dogs and owners can struggle.
"Preconceived beliefs, such as the idea that designer-crossbreeds are naturally easy to train or are safe with children, can have serious consequences if they aren’t supported by evidence.
"Our research shows that many designer-crossbreeds do not always behave as expected, particularly regarding training, anxiety and aggression, which were more common than in their parent breeds.
"We also found that not all ‘Doodles’ are alike, with Cockapoos tending to display more undesirable behaviour compared to Labradoodles and Cavapoos, highlighting that each breed is unique.
"By providing reliable scientific data, we can help puppy buyers to make better-informed choices that support both human wellbeing and canine welfare.”
The awards cover a range of professional areas including small animal medicine, surgery, welfare science, practice leadership and veterinary nursing.
Ian Ramsey (pictured), Professor of Small Animal Medicine at Glasgow University Veterinary School, received the Bourgelat Award for his outstanding contributions to all areas of internal medicine, particularly in the field of endocrinology.
Matteo Rossanese, senior lecturer in Small Animal Surgery and co-head of Soft Tissue Surgery at the Royal Veterinary College, received the Simon Award for his exceptional contribution to small animal surgery, particularly in cardiothoracic procedures.
Lyndsay Hughes, a Small Animal Director at Drove Veterinary Hospital and former BVNA President (2023-2025), received the BSAVA Veterinary Nurse Award for her exceptional contribution to the veterinary nursing profession
Other recipients include Madonna Livingstone, Head Vet and Head of Exotics at Ark Veterinary Clinics Ltd, and Rowena Packer, a companion animal behaviour and welfare scientist at the Royal Veterinary College.
Jon Fitzmaurice, who has worked at the RSPCA in South Wales for more than 10 years, also received an award for his dedication over more than a decade at the RSPCA South Wales.
Several awards recognised research published in the Journal of Small Animal Practice (JSAP), including work by Stefano Zanardi, Karen Fong and Sze Lynn Yuen.
BSAVA Honorary Secretary Adam Gow said: "We were delighted to receive so many inspiring nominations this year, highlighting just how much outstanding work is happening across the veterinary community."
For the study1, which was led by Professor David Gardner and Dr Rebecca Brociek and published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science, researchers analysed opportunistically collected kidney samples from 58 domestic cats, seven domestic dogs, 24 Scottish wildcats and three zoo wildcats.
Using chemical analyses, the team discovered that cats accumulate a rare group of modified triglycerides, some with unusual chemical bonds or branched structures, that are very rarely observed in other mammals.
Dogs did not show this pattern at all, and the feral Scottish Wildcats showed it only occasionally.
Dr Brociek said: "Why these types of unusual fats accumulate in domestic cat kidneys, even from an early age, may offer an important clue as to why domestic cats are particularly prone to chronic kidney disease, one of the most common and serious illnesses affecting older cats."
The researchers say that this distinctive lipid buildup inside kidney cells could be an early sign of long‑term stress within the kidney, potentially contributing to tissue damage over time.
Professor Gardner added: "We are hopeful that soon we will understand why these unusual fats accumulate in domestic cats - we just have to collect the evidence to find the proof.
"If true, we believe we could develop a supplement or modified diet to help prevent these unusual lipid structures from accumulating, ultimately benefitting the long-term health of our companion animals."
The discovery opens a new area of investigation into feline biology, suggesting that cats’ unique metabolism may predispose them to kidney problems. It could eventually lead to better diagnostic tools, improved diets, and new treatments for protecting cats' kidney health.
Science in brief: Equine Infectious Disease and Microbiology is edited by Julia Kydd and Celia Marr with guest editors Macarena Sanz, Tessa LeCuyer and Laura Peachey.
The issue groups papers around national disease surveillance, the need for definitive diagnosis in some infections, and cross-species comparisons for pathogens affecting multiple species.
Diagnostics papers cover techniques for equine fever, equine influenza and equine gastrointestinal parasites, with the editors noting these developments should help speed biosecurity implementation to limit transmission.
Gastrointestinal papers include metabolic profiling for earlier insights into equine proliferative disease in foals, potential colitis aetiology, and the importance of additional testing for chronic hepatitis and liver failure in hepacivirus cases.
Two antimicrobial papers address resistance, one suggesting that prophylaxis beyond 24 hours is unnecessary to prevent post-surgical complications after colic surgery.
Respiratory studies include multiple strangles papers concluding prevention needs thorough screening, consistent quarantine, close monitoring and interconnected reporting.
The section also includes a special collection on the equine microbiome, updating EVJ’s 2019 collection and flagging progress over the past seven years.
Julia Kydd said: “The considerable and diverse research efforts within this Special Focus will ultimately improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment and control of many pathogens.
“The eventual aim is to prevent or minimise the impact of future outbreaks.”
https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/20423306/2026/58/2
The study first set out to address whether the higher proportional mortality previously reported for Pugs with PLE in referral care is also seen in dogs managed only in primary care by looking at 51 cases from VetCompass data.
In the study, 43% of Pugs died presumed due to PLE, with over half of these deaths occurring within three months of diagnosis.
Most deaths were recorded as euthanasia (64%), with the remainder recorded as unassisted deaths.
The underlying cause for the PLE diagnosis in most Pugs in the study was not identified.
Clinical signs at diagnosis commonly included diarrhoea, vomiting, inappetence, lethargy, weight loss and increased drinking.
At the time of death, additional signs reported included pale mucous membranes, seizures and anaemia, which the authors noted have not been reported in the literature previously.
Treatments prescribed were variable and included dietary therapy, prednisolone, clopidogrel, chlorambucil, cyclosporin and/or cobalamin supplementation.
Pugs treated with prednisolone or clopidogrel were significantly more likely to be alive after three months, but this effect did not persist at one or two years after diagnosis.
Dr Aarti Kathrani, lead author of the study, said: “The results of our study will help to increase awareness and highlight the outcome and various causes of death in Pugs with protein-losing enteropathy.
"We hope the results will also help drive much-needed further research into the mechanism, pathophysiology and consequence of this disease, which is needed to help discover effective therapeutic targets that could help improve the prognosis of this guarded condition.”
The study was led by Ruby Chang, Associate Professor of Statistics at the RVC, and carried out by Dr Hanya Ahmed.
The team compiled a databank of images, including 100 equine fracture cases from two UK equine hospitals and published literature, alongside 70 feline cases from hospital databases and around 4,000 human fracture images from a public database.
Using these images, the researchers built a three-stage AI system that first identifies the scan type, then recognises the image angle, before detecting and precisely localising fractures.
The system used transfer learning, enabling it to be trained on the large human dataset before being adapted for equine cases.
Using this method, the system achieved a reported fracture localisation accuracy of between 71 and 84% without requiring an unrealistically large number of equine images.
The RVC said the findings demonstrate the potential for AI-assisted tools to strengthen fracture diagnosis across veterinary practice.
It said faster and more reliable detection could reduce uncertainty in clinical decision-making and enable earlier treatment for racehorses and companion animals.
Building on the work, the team has expanded its collaboration with the Hong Kong Jockey Club to investigate whether AI can identify early bone changes before fracture occurs.
The study has been shortlisted for the STEM for Britain 2026 award and was funded by the Horserace Betting Levy Board.
The cross-sectional study, published in PLOS One, evaluated 898 dogs across 14 breeds and assessed conformational risk factors associated with BOAS.
Only 11% of Pekingese were graded free of BOAS.
Japanese Chins also showed high levels of disease, with only 17.4% graded unaffected.
King Charles Spaniels, Shih Tzus and Boston Terriers demonstrated intermediate risk profiles.
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Pomeranians, Boxers and Chihuahuas had substantially lower proportions of clinically affected dogs.
Across all breeds, increased facial shortening, dynamic nostril collapse and higher body condition score were significantly associated with BOAS severity.
Francesca Tomlinson, lead author and PhD researcher at the University of Cambridge, said: “Our research shows that BOAS varies widely between brachycephalic breeds.
"By understanding these differences and identifying key risk factors, we can move towards more targeted and effective strategies to improve welfare.”
The findings provide updated comparative data for clinicians advising owners on risk, weight management and early respiratory grading, and support structured respiratory grading schemes, including those led by The Royal Kennel Club.
The survey of 2,256 horse owners examined current EHV vaccination rates, owner understanding of the disease, and perceived barriers to uptake.
While 95% of respondents reported vaccinating for influenza and tetanus, only 17% said they vaccinate for EHV despite 86% believing vaccination significantly reduces disease spread.
The most commonly cited reason for not vaccinating against EHV was that their vet had not recommended it, reported by 65% of respondents.
40% said they were unaware that a vaccine was available.
Although 98% recognised equine gatherings as a risk factor for EHV transmission, more than a quarter did not fully understand how the virus spreads or the risks posed to their horse.
75% reported frequently taking horses off their home premises.
94% understood that nose-to-nose contact could transmit the virus.
However, one in four did not know EHV could also spread via airborne droplets, shared equipment, handlers or bedding.
78% of owners not currently vaccinating said they would be likely to do so after learning more about the potential impact of the disease.
Zoetis National Equine Veterinary Manager Dr Wendy Talbot said the findings reinforced the influence of veterinary recommendation in reducing the risk of EHV outbreaks.
CrCLD has previously been suggested to be associated with gonad status, but there has been no clear consensus on how “early” gonadectomy should be defined in male or female dogs.
The study carried out a secondary analysis of data from more than 20,000 dogs spanning 36 years to explore the association between cumulative gonadal hormone exposure and risk of CrCLD.
Rather than categorising dogs using arbitrary age cut-offs, the researchers treated gonadal hormone exposure as a continuous variable.
In the dataset analysed, the prevalence of CrCLD was 2.49% in females and 1.89% in male dogs.
The risk of CrCLD was highest in dogs with the least gonadal hormone exposure — before 1054 days (approximately 2.9 years) in females and 805 days (approximately 2.2 years) in males.
The minimum risk was observed at around 2.9 years for females and 2.2 years for males.
The authors say that these findings suggest gonadectomy is very likely to be associated with an increased risk of CrCLD, and that previously suggested arbitrary cut-offs of two years of age may not be scientifically grounded.
Overall, the paper concluded that removal of gonadal hormones should be performed after musculoskeletal maturity, if at all.
Lead author Dr Daniel Low said there is an increasing body of evidence linking the development of CrCLD with neutering in both male and female dogs, and that the timing of neutering matters.
He added that the health benefits of neutering in reducing the risk of other diseases should not be overlooked, and that every decision to neuter should be made on a case-by-case basis by the attending veterinary surgeon in consultation with the animal owner.
The mixed-methods survey of 525 veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses found that while some employers offered thoughtful and effective support, more than one in five respondents had left — or wanted to leave — their role as a direct result of how their situation was managed.
Participants described experiences including being expected to continue clinical duties while actively miscarrying, limited or no time off for fertility treatment or bereavement, breaches of medical confidentiality, and dismissive comments from colleagues.
Concerns were also raised about exposure to anaesthetic gases, heavy lifting and workplace stress, particularly when trying to conceive or during pregnancy following a previous loss.
Some male veterinary professionals reported being unable to take time off to support hospitalised partners or to grieve.
Crucially, respondents who recalled receiving any form of workplace support were five times less likely to subsequently want to leave their job than those who reported no support at all.
Positive experiences were often linked to relatively small actions, such as kind words or a card, or workload adjustments and time away from work.
Study participants recommended improved education, clearer workplace policies, and increased paid leave for bereavement and fertility treatment.
The study was led by four vets under the umbrella of the VetMINDS Research Team and funded for open access by the British Veterinary Association.
Lead author Jenny Stavisky MRCVS said the findings highlighted how deeply the issue resonated with veterinary professionals, and expressed hope that more open discussion would help avoid compounding the pain experienced by those affected.
The study authors also note that whilst many veterinary employers offer discretionary accommodations, there is no current legislative requirement.
However, under proposed changes to the law there will be a statutory entitlement to bereavement leave following miscarriage, something which is subject to a Government consultation which can be accessed here: Make Work Pay: leave for bereavement including pregnancy loss - GOV.UK
The study assessed contamination across 13 small animal practices using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing before and after delivery of a staff training session and standardised cleaning protocols.
Eleven practices were re-tested 70 days later and five practices were re-tested an average of 128 days later.
Samples were taken from reception areas, consulting rooms, preparation and diagnostic areas, wards, theatres, kitchens, laboratories, and staff areas, using Hygiena EnSURE Touch & UltraSnap Surface ATP Swabs.
The cleaning protocol involved the removal of biofilms using a degreasing agent, followed by routine cleaning with a standard veterinary disinfectant cleaner and fogging application of a certified veterinary disinfectant.
Before the intervention, average contamination levels in practices were 14.7 times higher than recommended thresholds.
Following the 45-minute staff training session and implementation of the standardised cleaning protocol, contamination levels reduced by 61% within 70 days and by 71% within 128 days.
Fomite surfaces — including door handles, kettles, and keyboards — showed the greatest improvement, with contamination levels reduced by 80%. General surfaces recorded a 56% reduction.
These findings indicate that a combination of staff training, refined cleaning protocols, and scheduled hygiene testing can significantly reduce contamination levels in practices and improve practice-level infection control.
Dr Neil Forbes, author of the study, said: “Once identified, most hygiene issues are readily addressed.
"Reservoirs of contamination, or indications of poor working practices, once detected, can be resolved.
"Longitudinal studies in human hospitals demonstrate that ATP reduction correlates with decreased nosocomial infection rates, ranging from 45–75% over 18 months to 5 years.”
The study recommends that practices appoint an Infection Control Champion, implement routine - ideally monthly - ATP testing, raise awareness with the whole team about infection sources, transmission routes, and risk management, and use two-step sanitation comprising cleaning followed by disinfection.
In the UK-wide online study, 1,772 dog owners assessed short clinical “vignette” scenarios describing 30 common canine conditions, based on VetCompass patient records.
Each owner reviewed three scenarios and judged both the likely condition and how urgently veterinary care was needed.
Their responses were compared with consensus opinions from experienced veterinary surgeons.
Owners were highly accurate at recognising conditions with clear visible signs, including epilepsy, kennel cough, flea infestation, anal gland disease and osteoarthritis.
However, they were less accurate with conditions that have more variable or subtle signs, such as mast cell tumours, glaucoma, diabetes and gastrointestinal foreign bodies.
Owners also underestimated the urgency of treatment in 28.4% of responses.
Conditions most often rated as less urgent than veterinary surgeons advised included ear infection (otitis externa), corneal ulcers and heatstroke.
Underestimating urgency is a major welfare concern because it can delay treatment, prolong suffering and, in severe cases, result in death.
Participants also reported which information sources they used, both for the vignette scenarios and habitually for their own dogs.
The most commonly used sources for their own dog’s health were personal knowledge or experience (73.7%), contacting their local veterinary practice (61.1%) and internet searches (49.2%).
Reputation (66.8%), factual correctness (65.6%) and availability (39.5%) most influenced their choice of information source.
Using online dog health groups—either habitually or to identify vignette conditions—reduced the accuracy of assessments.
Habitual use of these groups also increased the risk of underestimating urgency by 30%.
However, when used specifically to help answer the vignette scenarios, dog health groups reduced the risk of underestimating urgency by 50%.
General internet searching improved condition recognition but had no effect on urgency assessment.
Owners who habitually contacted their veterinary practice for advice were more likely to judge urgency in line with veterinary recommendations, highlighting the importance of strong working relationships between owners and practices.
The researchers suggest that telephone triage, telemedicine and veterinary-endorsed information resources may play an increasing role in supporting better decision-making.
Emerging AI tools may also help in future, although further research is needed to assess the reliability and risks of such systems.
Dr Rowena Packer, Senior Lecturer in Companion Animal Behaviour and Welfare Science at RVC, said: “This study highlights a welfare gap between what dog owners observe and how they perceive the need for veterinary care.
"Problems without obvious external signs are most at risk of having urgent treatment underestimated.
"With better triage support, including telemedicine and carefully designed AI tools, there is an opportunity to improve awareness and reduce harmful delays.”
The survey seeks to assess GP vets' confidence and experience in feline dentistry and their access to feline dentistry equipment.
Rachel said: "Dental and oral disorders are amongst the most diagnosed diseases in UK’s feline population under first opinion practice, with reported annual prevalence of 20-21%.
"Despite this, relatively little is known about vets’ confidence, experience and access to appropriate resources when diagnosing and treating feline dental conditions.
"Access to dental radiography is considered vital for optimal diagnosis and treatment planning, yet its availability, use and training may vary considerably between clinics.
"Understanding how vets perceive their own competence, and identifying potential barriers is important in improving standard of dental care provided to felines in first opinion practice."
Everyone who takes part in the survey will entered into a draw for a £100 John Lewis voucher, and for every entry completed, Rachel and Joanna will donate £1 to International Cat Care.
https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/XMZMXMK
The company makes GIQuest, a patient-side lateral flow faecal calprotectin test, which it says can be used to guide next steps in dogs and cats with chronic GI conditions, including chronic enteropathy (CE; previously IBD), food responsive enteropathy (FRE) and GI side-effects associated with NSAID use.
Carus says that a validation study conducted at the University of Bristol has shown that its GIQuest can reliably distinguish dogs and cats with inflammatory enteropathy from healthy controls, with high sensitivity and specificity.
The company says faecal calprotectin is already well established in human medicine as a non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation and is increasingly being adopted in veterinary practice to support diagnostic decision-making and treatment monitoring.
Lucy Williams MRCVS, from Carus Animal Health, said: “Individual case experiences often highlight nuances that don’t always come through in formal studies.
"Bringing these together can help illustrate how faecal calprotectin testing is being applied in different clinical scenarios, from refining diagnostic pathways to supporting monitoring and owner communication.
"By sharing practical insights from everyday cases, the profession can collectively build confidence around when and how this tool is most useful in practice.”
Case studies can be submitted by both veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses and may include, but are not limited to: dogs or cats with chronic or recurrent GI signs, suspected inflammatory enteropathies, monitoring response to dietary or treatment trials or identification of GI inflammation in patients receiving long term oral NSAIDs.
As a thank you for taking part, the five strongest submissions will each receive a £100 gift card, and the first 20 eligible entries will receive free access to a GI-focused CPD course with The Webinar Vet.
In addition, entries submitted before 31st January will be entered into a draw to win a delegate ticket to SPVS Congress (Birmingham, 26–27th February), worth £675.
Entries close on 1st March.
Further information and case study form/guidelines available here: https://carusanimalhealth.com/giquest/prizes
https://carusanimalhealth.com/giquest
Veterinary surgeons will also be asked to verify each horse’s health status via a brief questionnaire (around 4 minutes).
The results of the questionnaires will be used to develop a scoring algorithm to measure the impact of health on a horse’s quality of life.
Zoetis says support from the veterinary profession is going to be pivotal to its ability to deliver a valid and reliable measurement tool, one that has the potential to transform the welfare of horses worldwide.
To that end, vets who contribute will gain early insight into a scientifically validated HRQL instrument designed to:
If you would like to participate, of if you would like more information contact Dr Cory Noble at cory.noble@zoetis.com.